Operating Sectors of the Tourism Industry

The operating sectors of the tourism industry represent what many of the general public perceive as “tourism.” First and foremost, the transportation sector (see Figure 1.2), comprising of airlines, bus companies, and so on, tends to typify the movement of people and travel (see Chapter 5). The accommodation sector, which includes many well-known “brands” such as Hilton, Marriott, Howard Johnson, Best Western, and so on, is highly visible to the public. Similarly, the food services sector also contains a broad spectrum of brands and logos that have become part of everyday life in many communities. Examples include the world-famous fast food chains (McDonald’s, Pizza Hut, Burger King, KFC) and internationally known gourmet restaurants such as Maxim’s in Paris and Alfredo’s in Rome..

The attractions sector also contains many well-known icons in the tourism industry. The undisputed leader of the attraction world is Disneyland/Walt Disney World. Other world-famous attractions include the upscale Louvre museum in Paris, France; the Hermitage in St. Petersburg, Russia; Marineland and Knott’s Berry Farm in the United States; the pyramids in Egypt; Stonehenge in the United Kingdom; the Acropolis in Athens, Greece; and Niagara Falls, Canada.

Closely related to attractions is the events sector. Its icons include the Oktoberfest in Munich, Germany; the Calgary Stampede in Canada; the Mardi Gras of New Orleans and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; the Boston Marathon; and the Super Bowl in the United States; as well as such transient events as World Cup Soccer and the International Summer and Winter Olympic Games.

The adventure and outdoor recreation sector is one of the most rapidly growing components of modern tourism. Changes in demographics, values, and lifestyles are creating increasing demand for activities such as golfi ng, skiing, snowboarding, white-water rafting, parasailing, hang gliding, mountain biking, and mountaineering. Most of these activities are characterized by both an element of thrill seeking and an element of being outdoors. An allied related desire for closeness to nature has given rise to the phenomenon of ecotourism, an ill-defi ned and often abused term for any type of travel activity in a natural setting.

At the other end of the “natural-manufactured” spectrum is the equally fast growing component of entertainment. Certain destinations, most notably Las Vegas, Nashville, and Branson, Missouri, have grown up on a heavy diet of world-famous entertainers. More traditionally, New York/Broadway and Los Angeles/Hollywood have used various aspects of the entertainment industry to consolidate their worldwide reputations as “must see” destinations.

Less glamorous, but still essential to the success and well-being of the tourism industry, are the travel trade sector and tourism services . The travel trade is composed of the retail travel agent and the wholesale tour operator. Both of these entities are critical to linking “experience suppliers” and the tourist. The multifaceted travel industry services sector provides yet another type of critical support for successful tourism. Computer support services, retail services, financial services, specialized consulting services, and tourism educators all make an important and usually unique contribution to the effective and efficient functioning of the complex tourism system. While the public (and even many fi rms themselves) do not identify themselves as part of the tourism juggernaut, the fact remains that, as soon as any one of these services becomes deficient, tourism suffers.

Spirit of Hospitality

As discussed above, the operating sectors of tourism are responsible for delivering high-quality, memorable experiences. Care must be taken, however, to wrap these experiences in a warm spirit of hospitality. Quite simply, it is not enough to deliver all the attributes of an experience in a cold or detached manner. Each individual visitor must feel that he or she is more than a source of cold cash revenue for the business or destination. Rather, visitors have a natural human desire for warm acceptance as they seek to enjoy the range of experiences the destination has to offer. As such, the challenge facing destinations is to deliver their experiences in a way that enables the visitors to believe they are welcome, that they truly are guests.

While tourists naturally recognize that they are transient visitors, destinations must first train industry personnel to treat the tourist with fairness, respect, and a level of politeness. Second, the destination must encourage its permanent residents to behave as friendly hosts to visitors who are in unfamiliar surroundings. They should convey a friendly attitude and, when required, offer basic information and a helpful hand. These small but important gestures will do much to foster a destination spirit of hospitality that will, in turn, greatly enhance the perceived value of all the other aspects of the visitation experience.