1,3-Butadiene
1,3-butadiene is a “building block” chemical used to make synthetic rubber. It is a colorless gas and has a mild gasoline odor.
The synthetic rubber created by 1,3-butadiene is used to make many consumer products such as rubber gloves that are used for protection from chemicals when using cleaning products or working with oils and solvents. In an industrial setting, workers often use neoprene gloves to protect against exposure to gasoline, hydraulic fluids, alcohols, and organic acids.
Rubber is resistant to water and weak acids, and has elasticity and impermeability. These qualities make it useful as an electrical insulator, an adhesive and for coatings. Because rubber traps air it can float. This makes it beneficial for products used on or under water such as inner tubes and rafts.
1,3-Butadiene is also used to create the rubber used to make elevator belts, hoses and tubes. Tires, footwear and sports goods also use synthetic rubber.
1,3-Butadiene is a colorless gas with a mild gasoline odor and is used to make synthetic rubber. Although it is non-corrosive, 1,3-butadiene is highly flammable. Commercially, it is available as liquefied gas, which is produced by extracting it from crude butylene concentration stream (also known as C4).
1,3-butadiene is used as a monomer to produce polymers that are used in commercial and consumer applications, not as a formulated ingredient. Many consumer goods and materials are made of synthetic rubbers (or elastomers), latexes and plastics produced using 1,3-butadiene. Elastomers made using 1,3-butadiene as a “building block” include styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polybutadiene rubber (PBR), polychloroprene (neoprene) and nitrile rubber (NR).
1,3-Butadiene is used to make synthetic rubber, and SBR is the primary material combined with natural rubber to make tires. The physical and chemical properties of these rubber polymers provide performance-enhancing components to tires, such as rolling resistance, wear and traction.
Recycled tire crumb rubber is part of the infill material used in synthetic turf for cushioning and traction.
Styrene-butadiene latex (SB latex) is used to produce paper coatings and products with high-gloss, opacity and brightness, including coated manila and white cardboard, art paper and data recording paper such as pressure-sensitive paper and thermal paper used in catalogues, magazines and advertising flyers.
SB latex is used in back coatings in tufted carpets. The back coatings hold the tufts in place, anchoring the pile fibers and providing improved stability and resistance to fraying or tuft loss at the cut edges of the carpet.
Neoprene, one of the earliest synthetic rubber products ever made, is used in gloves, wetsuits and waders (waterproof garments that cover the legs and body used by anglers when fishing), as well as foam. Neoprene foam is a soft, flexible and durable form-fitting sponge rubber. It provides thermal and moisture insulation and is resistant to ozone, sunlight, and oxidation. Neoprene foam is used in knee and elbow pads, and as joint filler in masonry.
Nitrile rubber, also known as nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR), is an oil-resistant synthetic rubber used in hoses, automotive gaskets and seals, as well as gloves and other products where oil resistance is required.
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, also known as ABS plastic, is a heat- and impact-resistant lightweight material that can be used to make materials for toys like building blocks, as well as musical instruments like clarinets and recorders. ABS plastic’s durable, shock-absorbent properties also make it an ideal for luggage and laptop cases.
Chewing gum is a rubber that has been flavored and sweetened. Originally, it was made of natural rubber, but today the rubber used to make chewing gum is usually synthetic. Along with butadiene, plasticizers and lanolin are some of the ingredients used to make the rubber for chewing gum.
Plastics for food packaging and frames for eye glasses are also made from butadiene.
1,3-butadiene is a “building block” chemical used in the manufacture of a variety of synthetic rubbers, latexes and plastics, and the potential for consumer exposure to the chemical very low. The primary route of potential human exposure to 1,3-butadiene is inhalation. Sources of public exposure include automobile exhaust, cigarette smoke and polluted air. People can reduce their exposure to 1,3-butadiene by avoiding tobacco smoke.
The National Institute of Health and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) list 1,3-butadiene as a known human carcinogen. The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) provides guidance on exposure limits for 1,3-butadiene in the workplace. To reduce exposure to potentially harmful levels, OSHA requires workplaces to follow their regulations on proper ventilation. OSHA’s permissible exposure limits (PEL) are as follows:
· An 8-hour time-weighted average of 1 part per million (ppm)
· A short term exposure limit of 5 ppm for 15 minutes.
Short-term exposure to concentrations of 1,3-butadiene greater than 10,000 ppm can cause mild to moderate irritation of the eyes, nose and throat, as well as drowsiness and lightheadedness.