What are the reasons that cause ‘Disputes’? Who is the major loser in any dispute?

Large  projects  involve  owners,  consultants  and  contractors  and  many  participants  at various levels in these three organizations.

Overlapping responsibilities, fragmented control, delays and inability to resolve disputes are some of the problems encountered during these projects.

Resolving disputes becomes especially difficult when projects last for several years and connected personnel also change during this period.

Owners have the most to lose in such situations.

Hence they try to shift the risks to others.

Consulting engineers are generally tied to the contract provisions and they do not try any innovative ideas (do not want to add risks)

All this have  led  to  considerable  litigation  and  any litigation  is time consuming  and costly.