Light Waves and Color
How Do We Know Light is a Wave?
An age-old debate that has persisted among scientists is
related to the question, "Is light a wave or a stream of particles?"
Very noteworthy and distinguished physicists have taken up each side of the
argument, providing a wealth of evidence for each side. The fact is that light
exhibits behaviors that are characteristic
of both waves and particles. In this unit of The Physics Classroom Tutorial, the focus will
be on the wavelike nature of light.
Light exhibits certain behaviors that
are characteristic of any wave and would be difficult to explain with a purely
particle-view. Light reflects in the same manner that any wave would reflect.
Light refracts in the same manner that any wave would refract. Light diffracts
in the same manner that any wave would diffract. Light undergoes interference in the
same manner that any wave would interfere. And light exhibits the Doppler effect just as
any wave would exhibit the Doppler effect. Light behaves in a way that is
consistent with our conceptual and mathematical understanding of waves. Since
light behaves like a wave, one would have good reason to believe that it might
be a wave. In Lesson 1, we will investigate the variety of behaviors, properties and characteristics of light that
seem to support the wave model of light. On this page, we will focus on three
specific behaviors - reflection, refraction
and diffraction.
A wave doesn't just stop when it reaches the end of the medium.
Rather, a wave will undergo certain behaviors when
it encounters the end of the medium. Specifically, there will be some
reflection off the boundary and some transmission into the new medium. The
transmitted wave undergoes refraction (or bending) if it approaches the
boundary at an angle. If the boundary is merely an obstacle implanted within
the medium, and if the dimensions of the obstacle are smaller than the
wavelength of the wave, then there will be very noticeable diffraction of the
wave around the object. Each one of these behaviors -
reflection, refraction and diffraction - is characterized by specific
conceptual principles and mathematical equations. The reflection, refraction,
and diffraction of waves were first introduced in Unit 10 of The
Physics Classroom Tutorial. In Unit 11 of The
Physics Classroom Tutorial, the reflection, refraction,
and diffraction of sound waves was discussed. Now we will see how light waves
demonstrate their wave nature by reflection, refraction and diffraction.
All waves are known to undergo reflection or the
bouncing off of an obstacle. Most people are veryaccustomed to
the fact that light waves also undergo reflection. The reflection of light
waves off of a mirrored surface results in the formation of an image. One
characteristic of wave reflection is that the angle at which the wave
approaches a flat reflecting surface is equal to the angle at which the wave
leaves the surface. This characteristic is observed for water waves and sound
waves. It is also observed for light waves. Light, like any wave, follows the
law of reflection when bouncing off surfaces. The reflection of light waves
will be discussed in more detail in Unit 13 of The Physics Classroom. For now, it is
enough to say that the reflective behavior of
light provides evidence for the wavelike nature of light.
All waves are known to undergo refraction when they
pass from one medium to another medium. That is, when a wavefront crosses the boundary between two media, the
direction that the wavefront is moving
undergoes a sudden change; the path is "bent." This behavior of wave refraction can be described by both conceptual and mathematical principles. First, the direction of
"bending" is dependent upon the relative speed of the two media. A
wave will bend one way when it passes from a medium in which it travels slowly
into a medium in which it travels fast; and if moving from a fast medium to a slow
medium, the wavefront will bend in the
opposite direction. Second, the amount of bending is dependent upon the actual
speeds of the two media on each side of the boundary. The amount of bending is
a measurable behavior that follows distinct
mathematical equations. These equations are based upon the speeds of the wave
in the two media and the angles at which the wave approaches and departs from
the boundary. Light, like any wave, is known to refract as it passes from one
medium into another medium. In fact, a study of the refraction of light reveals
that its refractive behavior follows the
same conceptual and mathematical rules that govern the refractive behavior of other waves such as water waves and sound
waves. The refraction of light waves will be discussed in more detail in Unit 14 of The
Physics Classroom Tutorial. For now, it is enough to
say that the refractive behavior of light
provides evidence for the wavelike nature of light.
Reflection involves a change in direction of waves when they
bounce off a barrier. Refraction of waves
involves a change in the direction of waves as they pass from one medium to
another. And diffractioninvolves a change in direction of waves as they
pass through an opening or around an obstacle in their path. Water waves have
the ability to travel around corners, around obstacles and through openings.
Sound waves do the same. But what about light? Do light waves bend around
obstacles and through openings? If they do, then it would provide still more
evidence to support the belief that light behaves as a wave.
When light encounters an obstacle in its path,
the obstacle blocks the light and tends to cause the formation of a shadow in
the region behind the obstacle. Light does not exhibit a very noticeable
ability to bend around the obstacle and fill in the region behind it with light.
Nonetheless, light does diffract around obstacles. In fact, if you observe a
shadow carefully, you will notice that its edges are extremely fuzzy.
Interference effects occur due to the diffraction of light around different
sides of the object, causing the shadow of the object to be fuzzy. This is
often demonstrated in a Physics classroom with a laser light and penny
demonstration. Light diffracting around the right edge of a penny can constructively
and destructively interfere with light diffracting around the left edge of the
penny. The result is that an interference pattern is created; the pattern
consists of alternating rings of light and darkness. Such a pattern is only
noticeable if a narrow beam of monochromatic light (i.e., single wavelength
light) is passed directed at the penny. The photograph at the right shows an
interference pattern created in this manner. Since, light waves are diffracting
around the edges of the penny, the waves are broken up into different wavefronts that converge at a point on a screen to
produce the interference pattern shown in the photograph. Can you explain this
phenomenon with a strictly particle-view of light? This amazing penny
diffraction demonstration provides another reason why believing that light has
a wavelike nature makes cents (I mean "sense"). These interference
effects will be discussed in more detail later in this lesson.
Light behaves as a wave - it undergoes reflection,
refraction, and diffraction just like any wave would. Yet there is still more
reason to believe in the wavelike nature of light. to learn
about more behaviors that could never be
explained by a strictly particle-view of light.