Methods of Charging
Charging
by Friction
In Lesson 1, it was
explained that atoms are the building blocks of matter. Furthermore, it was
explained that material objects are made of different types of atoms and
combinations of atoms. The presence of different atoms in objects provides
different objects with different electrical properties. One such property is
known as electron affinity. Simply put, the property of
electron affinity refers to the relative amount of love that a
material has for electrons. If atoms of a material have a high electron
affinity, then that material will have a relatively high love for electrons.
This property of electron affinity will be of utmost importance as we explore
one of the most common methods of charging - charging by friction or rubbing.
Suppose that a rubber balloon is rubbed with a sample of
animal fur. During the rubbing process, the atoms of the rubber are forced into
close proximity with the atoms of the animal fur. The electron clouds of the
two types of atoms are pressed together and are brought closer to the nuclei of
the other atoms. The protons in the atoms of one material begin to interact
with the electrons present on the other material. Amidst the sound of crackling
air, you might even be able to hear the atoms saying, "I like your
electrons." And of course, the atoms of one material - in this case, the
atoms of rubber - are more serious about their claim for electrons. As such,
the atoms of rubber begin to take electrons from the atoms of animal fur. When
the rubbing has ceased, the two objects have become charged.
The procedure of rubbing a rubber balloon against your hair
is quite easily performed. You might try it now if you've never performed it.
When done, you will likely notice that the rubber balloon and your 
hair will attract each other. On a dry day, you might even be able to let go of the balloon and have it adhere to
your hair. (You will also probably notice that the procedure will initiate a
bad hair day. Sorry.) This attraction between the two charged objects is
evidence that the objects being charged are charged with an opposite type of
charge. One is positively charged and the other is negatively charged. How does
this happen? How does the simple rubbing together of two objects cause the
objects to become charged and charged oppositely?
How
Charging by Friction Works
The frictional charging process results in a transfer of
electrons between the two objects that are rubbed together. Rubber has a much
greater attraction for electrons than animal fur. As a result, the atoms of
rubber pull electrons from the atoms of animal fur, leaving both objects with
an imbalance of charge. The rubber balloon has an excess of electrons and the
animal fur has a shortage of electrons. Having an excess of electrons, the
rubber balloon is charged negatively. Similarly, the shortage of electrons on
the animal fur leaves it with a positive charge. The two objects have become
charged with opposite types of charges as a result of the transfer of electrons
from the least electron-loving material to the most electron-loving material.
Frictional charging is often demonstrated in Physics class.
Two rubber balloons can be suspended from the ceiling and hung at approximately
head height. When rubbed upon a teacher's head, the balloons became charged as
electrons are transferred from the teacher's fur to the balloons. Since the
teacher's fur lost electrons, it became positively charged and the subsequent
attraction between the two rubbed objects could be observed. Of course, when
the teacher pulls away from the balloons, the balloons experienced a repulsive
interaction for each other.
As mentioned, different materials have different affinities
for electrons. By rubbing a variety of materials against each other and testing
their resulting interaction with objects of known charge, the tested materials
can be ordered according to their affinity for electrons. Such an ordering of
substances is known as a triboelectric series. One such ordering for several materials is shown in the table at the
right. Materials shown highest on the table tend to have a greater affinity for
electrons than those below it. Subsequently, when any two materials in the
table are rubbed together, the one that is higher can be expected to pull
electrons from the material that is lower. As such, the materials highest on
the table will have the greatest tendency to acquire the negative charge. Those
below it would become positively charged.
The Law of Conservation of Charge
The frictional charging process (as well as any charging
process) involves a transfer of electrons between two objects. Charge is not
created from nothing. The appearance of negative charge upon a rubber balloon
is merely the result of its acquisition of electrons. And these electrons must
come from somewhere; in this case, from the object it was rubbed against.
Electrons are transferred in any charging process. In the case of charging by
friction, they are transferred between the two objects being rubbed together.
Prior to the charging, both objects are electrically neutral. The net charge of the
system is 0 units. After the charging process, the more electron-loving object
may acquire a charge of -12 units; the other object acquires a charge of +12
units. Overall, the system of two objects has a net charge of 0 units. Whenever
a quantity like charge (or momentum or energy or matter) is observed to be the same prior to
and after the completion of a given process, we say that the quantity is
conserved. Charge is always conserved. When all objects involved are considered
prior to and after a given process, we notice that the total amount of charge
amidst the objects is the same before the process starts as it is after the
process ends. This is referred to as the law of
conservation of charge.
Flickr Physics Photo
TOP ROW: A plastic tube is charged by rubbing
it with synthetic animal fur.
BOTTOM LEFT: The charged tube is then brought near a
collection of neutral paper bits at rest on the table.
BOTTOM RIGHT: The charged tube and neutral bits of
paper attract each other. The attraction lifts the paper bits off the table.
Check Your Understanding
Use your understanding of charge to answer the following
questions. When finished, click the button to view the answers.
1. During a physics lab, a plastic strip was rubbed with
cotton and became positively charged. The correct explanation for why the
plastic strip becomes positively charged is that ...
a. the plastic
strip acquired extra protons from the cotton.
b. the plastic
strip acquired extra protons during the charging process.
c. protons were
created as the result of the charging process.
d. the plastic
strip lost electrons to the cotton during the charging process.
Answer: D
When two
different materials are rubbed together, there is a transfer of electrons from
one material to the other material. This causes one
object to become positively charged (the electron loser) and the other object
to become negatively charged (the electron gainer).
2. Saran Wrap has a larger electron affinity than Nylon. If
Nylon is rubbed against Saran Wrap, which would end up with the excess negative
charge? ____________ Explain.
Answer: Saran Wrap
When two
materials are rubbed together, the material with the greatest affinity for
electrons is the material which takes electrons away from the other material.
Saran wrap takes electrons from nylon and acquires the negative charge. In
turn, the nylon loses electrons and becomes charged positively.
3. A physics teacher rubs a glass object and a felt cloth
together and the glass becomes positively charged. Which of the following
statements are true? Circle all that apply.
a. The glass gained protons during the rubbing process.
b. The felt became charged negatively during this rubbing
process.
c. Charge is created during the rubbing process; it is
grabbed by the more charge-hungry object.
d. If the glass acquired a charge of +5 units, then the felt
acquires a charge of -5 units.
e. This event violates the law of conservation of charge.
f. Electrons are transferred from glass to felt; protons are
transferred from felt to glass.
g. Once charged in this manner, the glass object and the felt
cloth should attract each other.
h. In general, glass materials must have a greater affinity
for electrons than felt materials.
Answers: B, D, G
For A: protons are not transferred in electrostatics.
For C: charge is neither created nor destroyed (ever).
For E: electrons are simply transferred, consistent with the law
of conservation of charge.
For F: protons are not transferred in electrostatic experiments
(the electrons are transferred).
For H: If glass
transfers electrons to felt, then the felt must be more electron-hungry.
4. Which statement best explains why a rubber rod becomes
negatively charged when rubbed with fur?
a. The rubber that the rod is made of is a better insulator
than fur.
b. The fur is a better insulator than the rubber.
c. Molecules in the rubber rod have a stronger attraction for
electrons than the molecules in the fur.
d. Molecules in the fur have a stronger attraction for
electrons than the molecules in the rubber rod.
Answer: C
During a
charging by rubbing (or by friction) process, the material that becomes
negatively charged does so because it simply likes electrons more than the
material with which it is rubbed. The conductive abilities of the two materials
has nothing to do with the subsequent result of the rubbing process.