Newton's Third Law of Motion
Newton's
Third Law
A force is a push or a pull that acts upon an object as a
results of its interaction with another object. Forces result from
interactions! As discussed in Lesson 2, some forces result from contact interactions (normal,
frictional, tensional, and applied forces are examples of contact forces) and
other forces are the result of action-at-a-distance interactions
(gravitational, electrical, and magnetic forces). According to Newton, whenever
objects A and B interact with each other, they exert forces upon each other.
When you sit in your chair, your body exerts a downward force on the chair and
the chair exerts an upward force on your body. There are two forces resulting
from this interaction - a force on the chair and a force on your body. These
two forces are called action and reaction forces and
are the subject of Newton's third law of motion. Formally stated, Newton's
third law is:
For
every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
The statement means that in every interaction, there is a pair of forces
acting on the two interacting objects. The size of the forces on the first
object equals the size of the force on the second object. The
direction of the force on the first object is opposite to the
direction of the force on the second object. Forces always come in
pairs - equal and opposite action-reaction force pairs.
Examples
of Interaction Force Pairs
A variety of action-reaction force pairs are evident in
nature. Consider the propulsion of a fish through the water. A fish uses its
fins to push water backwards. But a push on the water will only serve to
accelerate the water. Since forces result from mutual interactions, the water
must also be pushing the fish forwards, propelling the fish through the water.
The size of the force on the water equals the size of the force on the fish;
the direction of the force on the water (backwards) is opposite the direction
of the force on the fish (forwards). For every action, there is an equal (in
size) and opposite (in direction) reaction force. Action-reaction force pairs
make it possible for fish to swim.
Consider the flying motion of birds. A bird flies by use of its wings.
The wings of a bird push air downwards. Since forces result from mutual
interactions, the air must also be pushing the bird upwards. The size of the
force on the air equals the size of the force on the bird; the direction of the
force on the air (downwards) is opposite the direction of the force on the bird
(upwards). For every action, there is an equal (in size) and opposite (in
direction) reaction. Action-reaction force pairs make it possible for birds to
fly.
Consider the motion of a car on the way to school. A car is
equipped with wheels that spin. As the wheels spin, they grip the road and push
the road backwards. Since forces result from mutual interactions, the road must
also be pushing the wheels forward. The size of the force on the road equals
the size of the force on the wheels (or car); the direction of the force on the
road (backwards) is opposite the direction of the force on the wheels
(forwards). For every action, there is an equal (in size) and opposite (in
direction) reaction. Action-reaction force pairs make it possible for cars to
move along a roadway surface.
Check Your Understanding
1. While driving down the road, a firefly strikes the windshield of a
bus and makes a quite obvious mess in front of the face of the driver. This is
a clear case of Newton's third law of motion. The firefly hit the bus and the
bus hits the firefly. Which of the two forces is greater: the force on the
firefly or the force on the bus?
Trick Question!
Each force is the same size. For every action, there is an equal ... (equal!).
The fact that the firefly splatters only means that with its smaller mass, it
is less able to withstand the larger acceleration resulting from the
interaction. Besides, fireflies have guts and bug guts have a tendency to
be splatterable. Windshields don't have
guts. There you have it.
2. For years, space travel was believed to be impossible
because there was nothing that rockets could push off of in space in order to
provide the propulsion necessary to accelerate. This inability of a rocket to
provide propulsion is because ...
a. ... space is void of air so the rockets have nothing to
push off of.
b. ... gravity is absent in space.
c. ... space is void of air and so there is no air resistance
in space.
d. ... nonsense! Rockets do accelerate in space and have been
able to do so for a long time.
Answer: D
It is a
common misconception that rockets are unable to accelerate in space. The fact
is that rockets do accelerate. There is indeed nothing for rockets to push off
of in space - at least nothing which is external to the rocket. But that's no
problem for rockets. Rockets are able to accelerate due to the fact that they
burn fuel and push the exhaust gases in a direction opposite the direction
which they wish to accelerate.
3. Many people are familiar with the fact that a rifle recoils when
fired. This recoil is the result of action-reaction force pairs. A gunpowder
explosion creates hot gases that expand outward allowing the rifle to push
forward on the bullet. Consistent with Newton's third law of motion, the bullet
pushes backwards upon the rifle. The acceleration of the recoiling rifle is ...
a. greater than
the acceleration of the bullet.
b. smaller than
the acceleration of the bullet.
c. the same size
as the acceleration of the bullet.
Answer: B
The force on the rifle equals the force on the bullet. Yet, acceleration
depends on both force and mass. The bullet has a greater acceleration due to
the fact that it has a smaller mass. Remember: acceleration and mass are
inversely proportional.
4. In the top picture (below), Kent Budgett is
pulling upon a rope that is attached to a wall. In the bottom picture, Kent is
pulling upon a rope that is attached to an elephant. In each case, the force
scale reads 500 Newton. Kent is pulling ...
a. with more force
when the rope is attached to the wall.
b. with more force
when the rope is attached to the elephant.
c. the same force
in each case.
Answer: C
Kent is pulling
with 500 N of force in each case. The rope transmits the force from Kent to the
wall (or to the elephant) and vice versa. Since the force of Kent pulling on
the wall and the wall pulling on Kent are action-reaction force pairs, they
must have equal magnitudes. Inanimate objects such as walls can push and pull.