Introduction to the Chemistry of Life
Carbon Dating
Chemical Bonds
Water
Buffers, pH, Acids, and Bases
Biological Molecules
Lipids
Proteins, Hormones & Amino acids
Nucleic Acids
DNA Double-Helical Structure
Introduction to Cell Structure and Function
Microscopy
Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
The Plasma Membrane
The Cytoplasm
Flagella and Cilia
The Endomembrane System
Lysosomes
Vesicles and Vacuoles
Ribosomes, Mitochondria & Peroxisomes
Animal Cells versus Plant Cells
The Cell Membrane
Active Transport
Electrochemical Gradient
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
How Cells Obtain Energy?
Metabolic Pathways
Energy & Thermodynamics
Potential and Kinetic Energy
Free and Activation Energy
Enzymes
Feedback Inhibition in Metabolic Pathways
Glycolysis
Electrons and Energy
ATP in Living Systems
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Fermentation
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
Introduction to Photosynthesis
The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
The Calvin Cycle
Photosynthesis
Introduction to Reproduction at the Cellular Level
The Cell Cycle
Cytokinesis
Control of the Cell Cycle
Cancer and the Cell Cycle
Prokaryotic Cell Division
Mitotic Spindle Apparatus
Introduction to the Cellular Basis of Inheritance
The Red Queen Hypothesis
Life Cycles of Sexually Reproducing Organisms
Meiosis
Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis
Errors in Meiosis
Chromosome Structural Rearrangements
Introduction to Patterns of Inheritance
Laws of Inheritance
Law of Dominance
Monohybrid Cross and the Punnett Square
Law of Segregation
Law of Independent Assortment
Extensions of the Laws of Inheritance
Multiple Alleles
Sex-Linked Traits
Linked Genes Violate the Law of Independent Assortment
Epistasis
Introduction to Molecular Biology
The Structure of RNA
DNA Replication
DNA Repair
Transcription
Eukaryotic RNA Processing
Translation
How Genes Are Regulated ?
Alternative RNA Splicing
Introduction to Biotechnology
Manipulating Genetic Material
Gel Electrophoresis
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Cloning
Genetic Engineering
Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture
Production of Vaccines, Antibiotics, and Hormones
Genomics and Proteomics
Whole Genome Sequencing
Pharmacogenomics
Metagenomics
Genomics in Forensic Analysis & Agriculture
Proteomics
Introduction to the Body’s Systems
Excretory System
Digestive System
Nutrition
Obesity
Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
The Circulatory System
Endocrine System
Musculoskeletal System
Muscles
Nervous System
The Central Nervous System
Introduction to the Immune System and Disease
Steps of Virus Infections
Viruses and Disease
Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Immunological Memory
The Lymphatic System
Mucosal Immune System
Disruptions in the Immune System
Introduction to Animal Reproduction and Development
Sexual Reproduction
Fertilization
Development and Organogenesis
Human Reproduction
Gametogenesis ,Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
Hormonal Control of Reproduction
The Ovarian Cycle and the Menstrual Cycle
Gestation
The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function
Animal Body Planes and Cavities
Animal Primary Tissues
Connective Tissues
Cartilage
Blood
Muscle Tissues
Nervous Tissues
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
Endotherms and Ectotherms
Neural Control of Thermoregulation
Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System
Invertebrate Digestive Systems
Vertebrate Digestive Systems
Parts of the Digestive System
Nutrition and Energy Production
Food Energy and ATP
Digestive System Processes
Digestive System Regulation
The Nervous System
Types of Neurons
Glia
How Neurons Communicate ?
Synaptic Transmission
Signal Summation
LTPP & LTD
The Central Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic & Sensory-Somatic
Nervous System Disorders
Mental Illnesses
Sensory Systems
Encoding and Transmission of Sensory Information
Somatosensation
Reception and Transduction
Pheromones
Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
The Endocrine System
How Hormones Work ?
Regulation of Body Processes by Hormones
Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism
Hormonal Control of Blood Calcium Levels
Regulation of Hormone Production
Endocrine Glands
Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions
The Musculoskeletal System
Bone Tissue
Intramembranous & Endochondral Ossification
Growth of Bone
Joints and Skeletal Movement
Types of Synovial Joints
Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
Sliding Filament Model of Contraction
The Respiratory System
Lungs: Bronchi and Alveoli
Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
Gas Pressure and Respiration
Breathing
The Mechanics of Human Breathing
The Work of Breathing
Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
The Circulatory System
Components of the Blood
Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation
Osmotic Regulation and Excretion
The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
Excretion Systems
Nitrogenous Wastes
Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
The Immune System
Phagocytosis and Inflammation
Adaptive Immune Response
Mucosal Surfaces and Immune Tolerance
Primary Centers of the Immune SystemAntibodies
Antibodies
Disruptions in the Immune System
Animal Reproduction and Development
Sexual Reproduction
Fertilization
Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
Female Reproductive Anatomy
Gametogenesis (Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis)
Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
The Ovarian Cycle and the Menstrual Cycle
Human Pregnancy and Birth
Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation
Periodic Table of the Elements
Geological Time Clock
Geological Time Chart
Measurements and the Metric System