‘Metallic bond’ is a term used to describe the collective sharing of a sea of valence electrons between several positively charged metal ions. Metallic bonding is a type of chemical bonding and is responsible for several characteristic properties of metals such as their shiny lustre, their malleability, and their conductivities for heat and electricity.
Both metallic and covalent bonding can be observed in some metal samples. For example, covalently bonded gallium atoms tend to form crystal structures that are held together via metallic bonds. The mercurous ion also exhibits metallic and covalent bonding.
The factors that affect the strength of a metallic bond include:
An illustration describing the way electrons are delocalized over a rigid lattice of metal ions in a metallic bond is provided below.
Metallic bonds are not broken when the metal is heated into the melt state. Instead, these bonds are weakened, causing the ordered array of metal ions to lose their definite, rigid structure and become liquid. However, these bonds are completely broken when the metal is heated to its boiling point.
The electron configuration of sodium is 1s22s22p63s1; it contains one electron in its valence shell. In the solid-state, metallic sodium features an array of Na+ ions that are surrounded by a sea of 3s electrons. However, it would be incorrect to think of metallic sodium as an ion since the sea of electrons is shared by all the sodium cations, quenching the positive charge.
An illustration describing the metallic bonding in sodium is provided below.
The softness and low melting point of sodium can be explained by the relatively low number of electrons in the electron sea and the relatively small charge on the sodium cation. For example, metallic magnesium consists of an array of Mg2+ ions. The electron sea here contains twice the number of electrons than the one in sodium (since two 3s electrons are delocalized into the sea). Due to the greater magnitude of charge and the greater electron density in the sea, the melting point of magnesium (~650oC) is significantly higher than that of sodium.
Metallic bonds impart several important properties to metals that make them commercially desirable. Some of these properties are briefly described in this subsection.
Electrical conductivity is a measure of the ability of a substance to allow a charge to move through it. Since the movement of electrons is not restricted in the electron sea, any electric current passed through the metal passes through it, as illustrated below.
When a potential difference is introduced to the metal, the delocalized electrons start moving towards the positive charge. This is the reason why metals are generally good conductors of electric current.
The thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of its ability to conduct/transfer heat. When one end of a metallic substance is heated, the kinetic energy of the electrons in that area increases. These electrons transfer their kinetic energies to other electrons in the sea via collisions.
The greater the mobility of the electrons, the quicker the transfer of kinetic energy. Due to metallic bonds, the delocalized electrons are highly mobile, and they transfer the heat through the metallic substance by colliding with other electrons.