Lead-Acid Batteries

Lead-acid batteries are currently used in commercially available electric vehicles (EVs). Despite continuous development since 1859, the possibility of further development still exists to increase the specific power and energy. Lead-acid batteries are selected for their low cost, high reliability, and an established recycling infrastructure. However, problems including low energy density, poor cold-temperature performance, and low cycle life limit their desirability. The lead-acid cell consists of a metallic lead anode and a lead oxide (Pb0₂) cathode held in a sulfuric acid (H₂S0₄) and water electrolyte. The discharge of the battery is through the chemical reaction

The electron transfer between the lead and the sulfuric acid is passed through an external electrical connection, thus creating a current. In recharging the cell, the reaction is reversed. Lead-acid batteries have been used as car batteries for many years and can be regarded as a mature technology. The lead-acid battery is suited to traction application because it is capable of a high power output. However, due to the relatively low energy density, lead-acid batteries become large and heavy to meet the energy storage requirements