Ancient Indian History - Harappan Culture

Arts

· A large variety of objects such as seals, stone statues, terracotta, etc. is superb examples of the art activities.

· A Yogi from Mohenjo Daro and two small figurines from Harappa are the most outstanding pieces of art.

· A dancing girl statue of about 11.5 cm. in height made up of bronzes was found from Mohenjo Daro.

· Daimabad bronze animals’ workmanship, most likely belong to Harappan period.

· The red sandstone torso found at Harappa is made up of detachable limbs and head.

· The grey stone torso perhaps illustrates a dancing figure. Both these are so realistic that none would believe that they belong to the Harappan period.

· Harappan people produced a large number of terracotta figurines, which were handmade. The figurines include humans, animals, birds, and monkey.

· Following are the Specimen of Arts from the Harappan Civilization −

o Bronze statue (Dancing Girl);

o Terracotta Bulls;

o Terracotta Female Figurine;

o Head of a Yogi; and

o Painted Jar dogs, sheep, and cattle.

· The most artistic depictions are the figures of humped bull. Figurines of both humped and humpless bulls are found in excavations

· A painting was found only on pottery. Unfortunately, no wall paintings, even if there were any, have survived.

Script

· The language of Harappan is still unknown. But some scholars connect it to the Dravidian languages and others to Indo-Aryan and Sanskrit.

· There are nearly 400 specimens of Harappan signs on seals and other materials such as copper tablets, axes, and pottery. Most of the inscriptions on seals are small, a group of few letters.

· The Harappa script has 400 to 500 signs and it is generally agreed that it is not an alphabetic form of writing.

Agriculture

· Agriculture was generally practiced along the river banks most of which were flooded during the summer and monsoons. The flood deposited every year fresh alluvial silt, which is highly productive and for which no major furrowing and certainly no manures and irrigation were required.

· The cultivated field excavated at Kalibangan shows crisscross furrow marks indicating that two crops were grown simultaneously. This method is followed even today in the Rajasthan, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh.

· The granaries found at Harappan cities suggest that cereals were produced in such a large quantities. They also kept enough reserve to face any future emergency.

· The principal cereals were wheat and barley. Rice was also known and was a favored grain. Remains of rice have been found from Gujarat and Haryana areas.

· Six varieties of millets including ragi, kodon, sanwa, and jowar were cultivated, along with peas and beans.

· Fragments of cotton cloth found at Mohenjo Daro and other sites show that cotton was also grown.

· Cotton has been found at Mehrgarh at least 2,000 years before the mature phase of the Civilization. This is the oldest evidence of cotton in the world.

· Other major crops include dates, varieties of legumes, sesame, and mustard.

· Wooden plough with a copper or wooden ploughshare was used for tilling fields.

· Terracotta models of the plough have been found at Mohenjo Daro and Banawali.

· Harvesting of crops would have been done with copper sickles as well as stone blades hafted in wood.

· Animals like sheep, goat, humped bull, buffalo, elephant, etc. have been depicted on the seals. This shows that the range of animals domesticated by the Harappan people was quite large.

· Skeletal remains of several animals like sheep, goat, bull, buffalo, elephant, camel, pig, dog, and cat etc. have been found in excavations.

· Wild animals were hunted for the food. Bones of animals like spotted deer, sambhar deer, hog deer, wild pig, etc. found in the excavation prove it. Besides, several types of birds as well as fishes, were also hunted for food.

· Bones of horses have been reported from Lothal, Surkotada, Kalibangan, and several other sites.

· Terracotta figurines of the horse have been found at Nausharo and Lothal. But this animal is not depicted on seals.